Showing posts with label HEALTH. Show all posts
Showing posts with label HEALTH. Show all posts

Wednesday, November 26, 2025

Why the US influence in Africa is shrinking as China advances

 

African leaders and the Chinese leader Xi Jinping

African leaders and the Chinese leader Xi Jinping


China has quietly taken over Africa by using loans as bait. Between 2000 and 2023, the Chinese government committed to lending $182.28 billion to African governments as it rapidly established projects on the continent. China's success in Africa isn't solely due to loans; rather, its modest and courteous approach has won over African leaders, who now view the communist country as a better partner than the US government.

 

The Asian country’s expanding economic and strategic influence in Africa has caused serious anxiety for the US government, which sees it as a strategic threat to US interests. According to recent reports, U.S. policymakers are growing increasingly concerned about China's infrastructure investments, particularly through project initiatives, which detractors claim give Beijing geopolitical leverage and create long-term dependency.

 

The United States sees China's economic participation in Africa as a threat to its national security since China owns essential infrastructure like ports and railroads, as well as key minerals like cobalt in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Another concern is China’s establishment of its first overseas military base in Djibouti, located just six miles from the U.S. Camp Lemonnier, which serves as the U.S. Africa Command and counterterrorism operations.

 

The United States' no-strings-attached investment model is causing African nations to align more and more with Beijing. African leaders think that Trump intentionally caused economic problems for both China and African countries by starting a trade war with China. African dissatisfaction with the US government grew as a result of the continent's greater reliance on the Chinese government.

 

Today, China has such a significant influence on the lives of 1.5 billion Africans that it influences almost every aspect of African civilizations. The Communist Party of China has affected almost every sector of the continent's economy, including natural resources, trade, logistics, and agriculture. Chinese companies have invested heavily in manufacturing, services, and real estate. Trump boycotted the G-20 Summit in South Africa for several reasons, including this.

 

The fact that President Donald Trump issued a series of executive orders following his return to office that severely disrupted U.S. foreign aid to Africa, mainly through a broad suspension and review of assistance programs under an "America First" agenda, is another significant issue that has weakened the relationship between Africa and the U.S. Major development, humanitarian, and health programs were the focus of the most significant suspensions and cancellations.

 

Thousands of projects throughout Africa were terminated as a result of the cancellation of 5,200, or 83%, of USAID's grants globally. This included the over $11 billion in funding that USAID gave to African nations in 2023, mostly for health and humanitarian initiatives.

 

Food and medical supplies became stranded in ports throughout the continent as a result of the abrupt stop-work order, which particularly affected nations like Ethiopia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo that significantly depend on U.S. humanitarian assistance. African leaders were forced to rely more on China as a result of the disruption, which led to the closure of HIV clinics, training programs, and other trans health facilities in South Africa.

 

China already controls roughly 12% of Africa's industrial production, or $500 billion annually, according to research by the New South Policy Center. Chinese businesses already control about half of the African contract construction sector, and they are mining in a number of African nations. China has recently set up educational institutions aimed at promoting Chinese culture and language in Africa while opposing Western democratic values.

 

Will the connection, business, and trade between African leaders and the US administration ever get better? I don't believe so because China has built a solid and cordial commercial foundation with Africa that is hard to receive from the governments of the US and the West. More significantly, China is seen by Africa as a genuine business and development partner.

 

Tuesday, November 04, 2025

The anatomy of broken trust: Can it ever be restored?

 

The psychological issue of restoring damaged trust

The psychological issue of restoring damaged trust. Photo credit: stock.adobe.com


Rebuilding trust can be challenging once it has been damaged because it requires sustained effort, vulnerability, and a genuine commitment from those who abuse their authority or office to oppress and dominate defenseless people.

 

The process is inherently nonlinear and can be prolonged, especially after major betrayals, leaving lasting psychological scars and deep-seated doubt. While possible with time and consistent actions, trust is often never fully restored to its original state.

 

There comes a time when the decision to forgive becomes pointless since the people who are consistently abusing their power or hurting you lack self-control. They continue to commit crimes, act cruelly, and break the law with impunity.

 

I have experienced difficult times in my life, not because I have broken the law, but rather because, as an African writer in Europe, some people view my writing as a threat even though I do not support violence or intend to incite political upheaval.

 

Hundreds of journalists and writers in Europe and the US write false and misleading articles about Africa, and they don't mind at all. I wouldn't be aware that European journalists are paid to disseminate false information about diseases if I weren't in Europe.

 

At the moment, I have lost faith in the government and many institutions in Belgium during the past 25 years, and I don't believe that any psychiatric therapy or rehabilitation can help me regain that broken trust. I don’t have trust in anyone except my family.

 

In my current perspective, I don't need to trust people or institutions till the day I die if I want to live a healthy and happy life. That is far better than short-lived trust from forces that don’t value the truth or life but only money.

 

Monday, October 13, 2025

Stop funding sickness: Spend on healthy living

The healthy fruits

The healthy fruits


The immune system is made up of special cells, proteins, tissues, and organs, which defend people against germs and microorganisms every day. In most cases, the immune system does a great job of keeping people healthy and preventing infections. 



People therefore have the best chance to enjoy a perfectly healthy life, but the creation of man-made diseases to generate profit through pharmaceutical companies and the constant abuse of the body with dangerous products have taken their toll on the health of humanity, and the cost is taking both the wealthy and the poor to the land of pain and poverty.

 

Abuse and the craving for things unhealthy for the body have put our lives at stake. Large consumption of alcohol can affect one's health, yet people don’t care. Cocaine and other dangerous substances aren’t good for health, but many don’t care. 



It is written on a cigarette box, Companies and ‘The Surgeon General warns, cigarette smoking is dangerous,’ yet many ignore this warning and become human chimneys.

 

People drink heavily and get kidney problems, while others get cancer from long-term smoking. This can be prevented. Happiness in life isn’t always about being rich or living in luxury, because many are rich but suffering because of poor health. If you have good health, you will feel good and happy, even if you are not rich.

 

Someone can drive your car, cook for you, do your laundry, and iron your clothes, but no one can bear your sickness or drink medicine on your behalf. 

 

This is the reason one needs to live clean because life is precious. Spend your money on healthy food and not on drinks, and avoid making friends with the drugstore. They are happy when they see you coming for medicines because the corrupt medical system made it so.


Wednesday, September 24, 2025

My experience in a food processing factory

 

Joel Savage in a food factory's dressing code

Joel Savage in a food factory's dressing code


Agriculture and food production are practical and fascinating fields of human activity because we eat not only to survive but also to maintain our health. I had the chance to work in one of Belgium's well-known food companies, and my experience motivated me to write this article.

 

This article's importance lies in describing how food manufacturing has benefited the Belgian government's economy and citizens' health because of the rigorous hygienic procedures and guidelines that workers must meticulously follow to produce high-quality food.

 

I was a little anxious about the questions when the employment agency called to tell me that I would be working at the "Fine Food Factory," a food factory that supplies tons of food to the well-known store "Colruyt" across Belgium, but that I would also need to take tests on safety procedures and regulations about working in the food industry.

 

Behind the computer at the work agency are about 10 pages of articles in Dutch that discuss food production, safety, and hygiene procedures that one must adhere to before working in a food plant. I answered the questions after reading, but I wasn't certain of the results or the outcome.

 

I had seventy percent, which allowed me to start working, but before I could enter the food factory to get started, I was astonished to learn about the company's dress code and standards, which made me realize why Africa lags behind in many areas of our lives without advancement.

 

The dressing mode is very challenging, but it's essential because even a small deviation from the prescribed safety precautions might harm the final product's quality and could result in food poisoning. Everyone is required to cover their heads or hair, including those who have beards.

 

Additionally, you must wash your hands well and wear white overalls and white shoes before you can enter the plant. Following a brief press conference discussing the issues or suggestions, employees eagerly start working in different departments under one roof.

 

Factory overalls are not allowed in the cafeteria for lunch or break; you must remove them in the dressing room to prevent contamination. After eating, you return to change your clothes once more before going into the plant that processes food.

 

The trained personnel standing beside the machines not only correctly pack the turkey, chicken, and sausage, but they also pack them firmly so they can be kept in cold conditions for a few days before the expiration date.

 

As I work around the clock, I wonder and wish my nation's government would establish such significant food factories throughout Ghana, like what the first president of Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah, did to support the economy, create jobs, and generate foreign exchange for the country in exports.

 

There are many Asian products in Europe and America, but not many from Africa, indicating that the African market in food production is facing challenges. It may also be that African leaders want the population to depend more on local consumption products or foods.

 

Ghana still has a long way to go because corruption has destroyed all of the food businesses Kwame Nkrumah established, including the cocoa industry. Many people anticipate that President John Mahama will revive all of the abandoned Nkrumah factories to provide jobs for the young people.

 

Tuesday, September 23, 2025

Monkeypox: Symptoms and effective treatments

 

A victim of monkeypox

A victim of monkeypox


Monkeypox is a viral ailment that occurs naturally in monkeys. A rash on the skin and mucous membranes is the most common symptom, followed by generalized lymphadenopathy, fever, arthralgia, myalgia, and severe weakness; also, a dry cough and sore throat are less common.

 

The pathogen is isolated using microscopic and virological procedures, and antibodies in the blood serum are detected. Because no etiotropic medication has been established, intoxication, hyperpyrexia, and consequences are managed with pathogenetic and symptomatic treatments.

 

The disease is an endemic zoonotic infection that has become one of the most pressing regional issues in the Congo, Liberia, Nigeria, and a number of other humid tropical nations in Central and West Africa. Similar symptoms were initially documented in the 18th century.

 

In 1959, Danish scientist von Magnus identified the pathogen, and the disease was reported in detail in 1970. Seasonality is year-round, there are no gender differences, and the disease affects children, adolescents, and young adults. Complications and deaths are most common among preschoolers.

 

The infection is caused by a virus with the same name. There are two phylogenetic species: Central African and West African, both of which have a rather mild course. The disease can be spread by sick individuals and a variety of animals, including prairie dogs, African squirrels, mice, Gambian rats, and primates, serve as sources and reservoirs.

 

Also, contact and alimentary routes of transmission is when eating raw, badly processed meat. With sustained intimate contact with the patient, transplacental during pregnancy, the airborne mode of infection is realized (congenital smallpox).

 

Under the age of ten, HIV infection and other immunodeficiencies, residing or temporarily staying in the Congo River Valley, working in agriculture, animal care, hunting, and butchering are the main risk factors. Regional eating patterns, which include raw meat and animal entrails, the presence of rats in homes, poverty, poor hygiene skills, close cohabitation, and inadequate medical care, continue to be a serious issue.

 

Pathogenesis

 

Monkeypox's pathophysiology is poorly understood, the virus is known to linger for a long period in regional lymph nodes after entering the human body, where it replicates, before spreading hematogenically and lymphogenically across the organs.

 

The virus has a trophicity for the epithelium and boosts pro-inflammatory interleukin-10 production. Epidermal necrosis with increasing epithelial hyperplasia, as well as the expansion of necrotic change borders, describes pathohistological changes. The sebaceous glands and hair follicles have been destroyed by the time the bubbles form.

 

Monkeypox symptoms

 

The incubation period is 7-21 days, or roughly two weeks in most cases. Headache, weakness, chills, and a temperature of 39.5-40° C are the first symptoms of the condition. When the lymph nodes surrounding the pathogen's entry point become inflamed, they expand in size and become painful to touch. There may be a loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting as a result of acute intoxication. The temperature drops to 38.5° C or less on days 3-4, and a rash forms on the feet, face, hands, and subsequently the trunk.

 

The rashes of monkeypox progress through various phases. A spot with a diameter of up to 1 cm forms first, then develops into a bump. The emergence of a bubble with transparent, then hazy contents follows, followed by the formation of a crust and the scar. The temperature increases to 39° C during the final three stages, shivers are felt, and the health condition deteriorates. Lymph nodes expand across the body in 64 percent of monkeys with smallpox at this time, yet there are no subjective sensations when palpating them.

 

There is a cough, a feeling of rawness, and dryness in the throat due to the presence of rashes on the pharyngeal mucosa. A rash on the oral mucosa affects up to 70% of patients, causing severe discomfort when chewing food and excessive salivation. The genitals are afflicted in 30% of instances, while the eyelids are impacted in 20%, both of which are accompanied by acute pain in the genitals and eyes, respectively. An increase in fever, a decrease in blood pressure, an accelerated heart rate, and decreased consciousness are all signs of infectious and toxic shock when pyogenic flora is introduced.

 

Purulent-necrotic lesions induced by subsequent bacterial infestations are the most common consequences of monkey pox. Bronchopneumonia, which is marked by the formation of necrotic foci, respiratory distress syndrome, and a high death rate, is among them. Damage to the eyes and gastrointestinal tract, as well as sepsis, are rare consequences. Corneal scarring caused by infection can result in blindness. Prolonged diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration may occur in the second week of the illness. With a considerable number of rash elements, septic conditions were documented (over 4,500).

 

Diagnostics

 

An infectious disease specialist's examination and consultation with a dermatovenereologist are required to confirm the diagnosis of monkeypox. If there are any indicators, more doctors are consulted. For the existence in African countries, a complete epidemiological history should be acquired. The following laboratory and instrumental procedures are recommended for confirming the disease:

 

Examination of the body - The lymph nodes are enlarging all over, and there is a widespread polymorphic skin rash with spots, papules, pustules, vesicles, and crusts. Rashes are seen on the face in 95% of cases, on the feet and palms in 75% of cases, and on the mucous membranes in 25% of cases. Palpation of the abdomen occasionally shows an increase in the size of the liver and spleen, according to organs and systems, usually without pathology.

 

Tests in the lab - Leukocytosis, neutrophilosis, shift of the leukocyte formula to the left, and acceleration of ESR are all determined in a routine clinical blood test. A moderate increase in the activity of ALT, AST, and CRP, as well as hypoalbuminemia and hypoproteinemia, suggests changes in biochemical parameters during hyperpyrexia. Minor proteinuria develops in the general urinalysis against the backdrop of a high fever, and the density of urine sediment increases.

 

Infectious agents are identified - Only specialized laboratories can use virological methods to detect the virus from patient tissue samples. Although electron microscopy produces a sharp image, the pathogens are visually indistinguishable from herpesviruses. The virus can be detected via PCR using the fingerprints of rash elements and crusts. Serological diagnostics (ELISA) necessitate adherence to the "cold chain" of blood sample delivery for study.

 

Techniques involving instruments - Chest radiography is required for differential diagnosis and pulmonary complication elimination. Soft tissue scanning is advised to rule out purulent infiltrates and abscesses. Ultrasound of the abdominal cavity and lymph nodes detects evidence of lymphadenitis, lymphadenopathy, and, less frequently, hepatosplenomegaly. A fine-needle biopsy of the lymph nodes is performed based on the indications.

 

Natural pox, which is distinguished by the absence of generalized lymphadenopathy, a severe course, and the presence of multicameral vesicles; chickenpox, which has a true polymorphism of rashes, elements on the scalp, and their absence on the palms and soles; and monkey pox, which has a true polymorphism of rashes, elements on the scalp, and their absence on the palms and soles. It is crucial to compare the current clinic to measles, which has maculopapular rash, enanthema, and catarrhal symptoms as characteristic manifestations.

 

Hair follicle lesions, sweat and sebaceous gland lesions, streptococcal-flaccid bladder-flictena, or single ulcers are the most prevalent bacterial skin infections of staphylococcal etiology. Straight grey tubes without rashes are present with scabies. A roseate rash without subjective sensations is a sign of secondary syphilis. Drug allergy presents as a variety of rashes that appear suddenly and without warning after exposure to a known allergen.


Monkeypox treatment

 

All patients suspected of having this condition are required to be hospitalized in accordance with transportation and isolation guidelines, as if they had a highly serious infection. Up to 3-5 days of normal body temperature levels necessitate bed rest. Alcohol, nicotine, spicy and sour foods, and marinades should be avoided due to oral lesions and difficulties swallowing food; dishes should be served at room temperature. In the absence of contraindications, the drinking regimen should be enhanced to lessen the intensity of drunkenness.

 

Conservative treatment

 

There are currently no licensed etiotropic antiviral medicines. Infusion and oral detoxification, analgesia, and other forms of symptomatic therapy are the mainstays of monkeypox treatment. In the event of purulent problems, antibiotics should be used. It is advisable to irrigate the mucous membranes with antiseptic qualities after each meal and toilet visit. To avoid scarring, wet bandages should be used, especially on the face.

 

Experimental treatment

 

Cidofovir, which was first approved for the treatment of CMV retinitis in HIV patients, is currently being tested in clinical trials. In New York and North Carolina, researchers are working on developing oral drugs to treat this infection (CMX-001, ST-246). Both medications have passed the second round of human clinical testing, indicating that they are safe. The investigation is still ongoing.

 

Prevention and prognosis

 

The outlook is not good, although it is better than smallpox. Monkey pox mortality varies greatly depending on the age of the patient, although it seldom exceeds 3.3-10 percent, and it is mostly seen in children aged 7 to 10. The illness lasts for two to three weeks and is characterized by spontaneous healing. Individuals living in endemic areas who have direct or indirect contact with diseased animals and humans are defined as having an asymptomatic course of infection.

 

The vaccine's ability to protect against smallpox has been demonstrated. In the United States, Japan, and Europe, licensed live vaccinations (ACAM2000, LC16m8, IMVAMUNE, IMVANEX) are available with a variety of contraindications and adverse effects.

 

Avoiding contact with sick people and animals, carefully heating meat and entrails before eating, isolating patients, and using gloves, shields, and dressing gowns by medical professionals when working with patients are all non-specific measures to prevent the sickness.

 

To whom this article may concern: I prepared this medical article using medical books and health documents given to me by Wolff Geisler, a German medical doctor, and Johan van Dongen, the late Dutch scientist and microsurgeon.


Friday, September 19, 2025

The famous Ghanaian doctor in the Czech Republic still unknown in his homeland

 

Baba Musah, the obstetrician, and other Czech medical professionals.

Baba Musah, the obstetrician, and other Czech medical professionals. Photo credit: i-life.cz

 

Many Ghanaians have achieved remarkable success in their careers in foreign countries, yet they are unknown in their home country. One of the most well-known obstetricians in the Czech Republic is Patrice Awonseba Baba Musah.

 

An obstetrician is a doctor who specializes in pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. They tend to women during pregnancy, assist with labor and delivery, and provide aftercare. Obstetricians handle any problems that may arise during pregnancy and delivery, safeguarding the health and safety of both the mother and the fetus.

 

Although Ghana is home to many talented individuals, many of them struggle daily to get into the professional schools they want to attend, and some of the few who do get the opportunity to study abroad often do not return home for a variety of reasons, such as poor political policies, widespread corruption, and underdevelopment.

 

Born in Bolgatanga, the northern part of Ghana, the 39-year-old obstetrician’s father was a clerk, and his mother was a cook at a nursing school. In the Czech media, Baba Musah is referred to as "an angel among healthcare workers" for helping mothers give birth to their children safely.

 

Musah claims, "As a kid, I was always quite bashful and shy during talks with the girls," not realizing he would eventually work as a gynecologist. In the face of so many challenges, he even imagined himself in a priest's uniform. However, the chance to see a birth at the beginning of his studies ignited his desire to pursue a career in medicine.

 

Musah decided to go for a scholarship overseas after excelling in general science courses in high school in Ghana, including physics, maths, English, and agriculture. However, due to technological issues, his initial application for a scholarship to study pharmacy in Russia was rejected. In 2005, he made another attempt and was successful in the Czech Republic.

 

Patrice Awonseba Baba Musah is the chief of the ambulance service at the Institute for Mother and Child Care (PMD) in Prague-Podol, where he has been in service for seven years. During his medical training in the Czech Republic, he studied many things, including how to get over his fear of swimming.


Musah claims that in 1992, Ghana's population reached a peak of 14 million. "I believe that the census at that time never took place in many settlements located across the river." Nonetheless, due to improvements in healthcare and the fact that many newborns survive, there are currently 28 million people in the nation. "Births sometimes compound superstitions," he adds.

 

Some families would rather have their babies born on a particular day so they may give them names. Issues arise as they begin to give birth to another day. "This refers to the royal families' requirement that a child is born on a specific day to become king," he says.

 

"I had no idea I wanted to be a doctor until I received a scholarship to study pharmacy." "I am not the worst student. At a language school in Mariánské Lázně, a town in the Cheb District of the Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic, a teacher asserted, "I could study medicine." "She made me apply to medical school," Musah said. I'm a doctor now because I tried it."

 

The obstetrician and gynecologist who decided to remain in the Czech Republic after graduation delivered thousands of babies. He was nominated for an Angel Award for healthcare professionals in 2021 and took first place in one of the highest medical awards given to Czech medical professionals for his charisma and sense of humor in the medical field. Adam Vojtch, the Minister of Health, congratulated the winners.

 

In an interview with Helena KOOV, Musah stated, "The valuation was the sheer participation in the event." I must admit that I was pleasantly surprised, which made me extremely happy. Receiving recognition for your efforts is fantastic. It also suggests that I'll need to work more to please others, especially women.

 

There are other medical professionals in Patrice Musah's family, including three midwifery-trained sisters and a younger brother with a degree in finance. In addition to being a hard-working doctor, he loves football. Dr. Musah wants to help the health sector in Ghana after working for fifteen years in the Czech Republic, but will he be able to accomplish so in spite of his love for Ghana?

 

Tribalism prevents many Ghanaians from appreciating what they have. Considering the ongoing discrimination and hatred towards people from Ghana's northern regions, who can blame Patrice Awonseba Baba Musah for not going back to his home country after graduation to help build and grow the medical sector?


Musah discusses his own encounters with the coronavirus pandemic. "Even if the department is full, there is occasionally only one individual who is optimistic." Pregnant women found it particularly challenging, and it was mentally draining. Thankfully, the births of pretty young ladies proceeded smoothly. We had to take turns because there was only one paramedic, and you could only go to her, making organization really tough.

 

 "To me, it implies that everyone has the same chance to do whatever they desire. In other countries, it can be a barrier for a stranger who has become the head of a department or worked at a clinic," he said.


Saturday, July 12, 2025

Beyond relaxation: Why sharing your weekend joy can transform others

The best of Italian minestrone soup.
 

I adore cooking "Minestrone," an Italian vegetable soup, every weekend. Photo credit: Freepik.


Everybody gets two days, Saturday and Sunday, to rest after a long weekend of labor. On the other hand, millions of individuals around the world are so used to their jobs that they don't even enjoy their weekends. The axiom states that "all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy"; thus, this post will show you how to make your weekends worthwhile and pleasurable.

 

The same suggestions are made often in articles about how to spend a weekend: spend time with your family, clean up your house, go outside without a smartphone, and begin studying a foreign language. Although many of these are energy-intensive, they are all excellent concepts. To keep my weekends fulfilling, I have selected certain errands I have adopted for decades.

 

On weekends, a lot of people who love social life visit friends, go to the movies, take part in entertainment events, or attend museums or concerts. Since those aren't my areas of interest, I don't rely on any of these to make me happy in life. During my three years of employment at an Antwerp movie house, I watched only two movies. This sounds rare, but I mean it.

 

"Kill Bill" was one of the movies, while the other one is about the terrible experiences that Jews had under the Nazi regime. This is sufficient to demonstrate that I don't rely on viewing movies as a weekend pastime. I want to share a few things with the readers. Experiences abound in life, and everyone, from kids to adults, has a tale to tell.

 

There are lots of free blogs with simple themes for creating them. Just go online, choose one, and start blogging. When you start sharing your experience and readers start responding, you'll know that you're a happy person because, without even realizing it, you've gained readers or friends on social media who want to read the motivational and inspiring articles you are sharing on your blog.

 

Many people may be uncomfortable talking about or sharing their experiences, but doing so might help, inspire, and transform the lives of others in addition to helping you. In the future, these texts will serve as an additional source for book publication. 


Another issue is that I enjoy spending every weekend at the grocery store. Going out that morning or during the day provides you with a boost to relieve boredom or loneliness, even if you have everything and food in your home.

 

Many people have never been happy at home without dining out since they lack cooking skills. Never forget that you can always learn new things and develop the skills you lack. Look up "how to prepare your delicious meal" on the internet. For instance, I adore "Minestrone," an Italian vegetable soup. This soup is so good that I make it every weekend.

 

Some people are also skilled cooks, and they can post their recipes on whatever blogging site they like. Packing your automobile and riding a bicycle to specific locations is another weekend pastime that I find amusing. You will see that "Home sweet home" when you return to the house. Simply sit back and unwind on the couch while you watch your preferred shows.

 

Lastly, remain composed no matter what you are going through in life, whether from dishonest friends, family, adversaries, or other situations. Never react because your opponents will be happier the more you react. You should never wake up fighting your enemies because doing so means you are ruining your happiness. Let this article inspire everyone. Cheers and happy weekend!

Monday, June 30, 2025

Prostate enlargement: symptoms, causes, and cures

 


After the age of forty, the male prostate gland naturally enlarges; this condition is called benign prostatic hyperplasia or benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). Many urination-related symptoms may result from this rise, and, additionally, you can get more severe renal and bladder issues.

 

Prostate adenoma can be effectively treated with a variety of methods, such as medication and surgery. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TUR of the prostate) is the most common type of prostate surgery.

 

Causes of an enlarged prostate

 

The prostate is a nut-shaped gland located immediately after the neck of the bladder. Its main function is to produce a fluid that protects and enriches sperm.

 

As a man ages, the prostate gland gradually increases. It usually begins after the age of 40 and is thought to be caused by hormonal changes. This increase can cause difficulty urinating and can lead to problems with the bladder and kidneys. The increase occurs as a result of hyperplasia (an increase in the number of cells) and hypertrophy (an increase in cell size).

 

An enlarged prostate does not cause prostate cancer. However, prostate cancer can occur in men with an enlarged prostate.

 

Signs and symptoms

 

As the prostate gland gets larger, it narrows the urethra (the tube that drains urine from the bladder) and can interfere with the outflow of urine. This can lead to problems with urination, such as:

 Increased urge to urinate

  • Uncontrollable urge to urinate
  • Nocturia – the need to get up often at night to urinate
  • Difficulty starting urine flow (indecisiveness)
  • Poor urine flow – weak flow or stop / start of flow
  • Dribbling of urine-especially at the end of urination
  • Incomplete emptying of the bladder.

The term LUTs (lower urinary tract symptoms) is commonly used to refer to a range of urinary symptoms associated with BPH.

 

Some men may have no symptoms at all, while others may have very severe symptoms. An enlarged prostate, if it is severe, can also lead to:

  • Chronic renal failure
  • Enlargement and thickening of the bladder walls
  • Bladder stones
  • Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
  • Bleeding from the urethra
  • Acute urinary retention.

 

Any of these situations can lead to damage to the bladder, urethra, and kidneys. If you experience burning, bleeding, or pain during urination, you should immediately consult a doctor. Not urinating at all requires urgent medical attention.

 

Diagnostics

 

If you have symptoms of prostate enlargement, you should see a doctor make an accurate diagnosis and recommend treatment. It is important to rule out other possible causes of symptoms such as prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate gland) or prostate cancer. To diagnose this condition, your doctor will do the following::

 

Medical history

 

This includes the nature, duration, and severity of current symptoms, the presence of any other medical conditions, and a family history of prostate problems.

 

Physical examination

 

During the examination, the doctor will feel the presence of signs of an enlarged bladder in the abdominal cavity and conduct a digital rectal examination to check for an enlarged prostate gland.

 

Blood tests

 

They will be performed to check kidney function and to check for PSA (prostate-specific antigen). PSA is a protein secreted into the bloodstream by the prostate gland. A higher-than-normal level may indicate an enlarged prostate or inflammation of the prostate gland (prostatitis) or prostate cancer. PSA levels are usually significantly elevated in prostate cancer, but not always.

 

Urine tests

 

This may indicate an infection or the presence of blood in the urine. Other urine tests can measure the force and volume of flow and determine whether the bladder can be completely emptied.


If blood tests indicate elevated PSA levels and a digital rectal examination indicates an enlarged prostate, a prostate biopsy may be recommended to rule out prostate cancer. Ultrasound scans of the prostate and urinary tract are also necessary for men over 40 years of age.


Treatments for an enlarged prostate


Treatment is only required if the enlarged prostate causes symptoms. Traditionally, three main approaches to treatment were used: “wait and see”, medical treatment, and surgical treatment.

“Wait and see” (i.e., without treatment).

This approach can be recommended if the symptoms are mild and do not negatively affect the quality of life. The condition is monitored regularly, and treatment will be recommended if symptoms worsen.


Medical treatment

 

Several medications can be used to treat an enlarged prostate. Some medications work by relaxing the muscles inside the prostate, making it easier to open the urethra, while others have the effect of reducing the glandular component of the prostate. Medications commonly used to treat an enlarged prostate include tamsulosin, terazosin, doxazosin, and finasteride.

 

Surgical treatment

 

Up to 25% of men with an enlarged prostate need surgery, usually because they experience serious symptoms that negatively affect their quality of life. 


Some less invasive procedures have been developed recently, but since the long-term results of these new treatments are not yet known, transurethral resection of the prostate remains the most commonly performed procedure.

 

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TUIP)

 

TURP is performed by a specialist urologist (urinary system specialist) and is usually performed under general anesthesia.

 

A specialist inserts a resectoscope (a thin tube telescope with light at the end) through the urethra and up into the prostate gland. A specialist can view the prostate gland and bladder either through a resectoscope or on a television monitor.

 

A special loop removes the glandular component in fragments and then coagulates the bleeding vessels with a ball.

 

After TURP, you may need to stay in the clinic for one to five days. Before you go home, a specialist will recommend instructions for recovery and exercise, so it is important to follow them carefully.

Laser resection

 

A variation of the TURP method is laser resection of the prostate. This is done in a similar way to TURP, except that the laser beam is used to cut off prostate tissue rather than a heated wire loop. This method tends to cause less bleeding than TURP, and recovery time tends to be shortened.

 

Transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP)

 

TUIP is similar to TURP except that the prostate tissue is not removed. Instead, one to three incisions or incisions are made into the prostate gland near the bladder neck. This releases a” ring ” of enlarged tissue, creating a larger opening around the urinary tract and therefore allowing urine to flow more freely.

 

Open prostatectomy

 

This operation involves removing part or all of the prostate gland through an incision in the lower abdomen or perineum (the area between the scrotum and the anus). It is also performed by a specialist urologist and may be recommended in cases where the prostate gland is significantly enlarged. 


It is usually performed under general anesthesia. Hospital stays of up to five days are common after open prostatectomy. Again, the specialist will recommend instructions for recovery and activity.

 

Natural cures

 

Soy proteins seem to have a protective role in the development of prostate cancer, as does the lycopene present in tomatoes. In general, the health of the prostate is guaranteed by a diet and a diet rich in vegetables and fruit; it is useful to re-establish a balanced alkaline. (Basenpulver).


Best moderate saturated fat, snacks, sweets, red meat, and fried foods.


The assumption of that constant pumpkin seeds have a beneficial effect on the muscle tone of the bladder: it helps prevent disorders related to enlargement of the prostate gland and is useful in general to combat the disorders that affect the urinary tract.


Thanks to its anti-inflammatory properties, Epilobium, also known as Epilobio, intervenes in the treatment of hyperplasia and benign prostate and, in general, improves the urinary system.


It may be useful to integrate zinc, selenium, and other antioxidants.


Here are three wonderful medicinal: Yarrow, Grapefruit seed extract, and Vitamin C.


Remember that beverages with caffeine irritate the prostate, as well as a lack of hydration, tobacco, and alcohol.


Sunday, October 03, 2021

DON'T BELIEVE IN ANY VACCINE FOR GOOD HEALTH, BELIEVE IN GOD

 

The coronavirus is a medical crime against humanity

The coronavirus is a medical crime against humanity 


Respect is given to those that deserve it, sometimes; we feel that if someone is a president, a minister, or a politician, he or she deserves respect or special treatment. 


Unfortunately, that's not the case because most of these politicians are worst criminals than hardened criminals behind bars. They are white-collar criminals.



Our society is engulfed by crime because the politicians, judges, and many law enforcement officers are also criminals. They are immune to crimes to the extent that they feel comfortable with them.

 

They are not ready to change because crimes to them are just normal things needed to run a government. They put everyone who goes against the law, including terrorists behind bars, while they commit clandestine crimes with impunity.

 

The sad part of the story is they don’t realize that their past crimes are catching up with them, taking their toll on them. They think the truth you are writing is what is causing their nightmare. Walls have ears, therefore, every hidden crime shall be exposed.

 

No matter how they suppressed information, no matter how hard they fight to destroy the truth and our health blogs exposing their medical crimes against humanity or declare war on genuine health writers, we shall always find a way to get the message across to the people.

 

I am a man I don’t sleep enough because there is more sleep after death. I sit down to devote all my time to finding ways and means to spread my articles across the globe since many social media are there only to protect criminals and prevent the truth for their own selfish gains. This is one of the reasons I have become a successful blogger.

 

I prefer to live poor in the truth than to live rich in corruption. What shall it profit a man to gain the whole world then lose his soul at the last moments? We came into this world with nothing and each one of us will return to the dust with nothing.

 

Therefore, in whatever that you do always do it in the right way. Do to others as you would have them do to you, for this is the essence of the Law and the prophets.

 

I strongly believe these are the golden words to build your happiness and good health but nothing more. All those behind the coronavirus must be held accountable because it's the biggest medical crime against humanity after Aids, HIV, and Ebola.


We are currently in a world each one for himself God for us all, if you love good health, don't put your trust in any vaccine or health institutions. 


Sunday, October 18, 2020

The Fashion And Jokes The Coronavirus Came Along With

A man in yellow protective fashion against the coronavirus in Kenya - Photo: Reuters

A man in yellow protective gear against the coronavirus in Kenya - Photo: Reuters


COVID-19 is a deadly virus that can't be underestimated, but along the way, many have taken it very easy in life with crazy fashions and unexpected events, as if the virus never existed. Frankly speaking, many think the death related to the pandemic is a hoax, made it look real by the media.


There was a time when many thought that the coronavirus didn't exist. The fact that you hardly see someone either sick or collapsing in the city, town, or anywhere but only on the news and television, you hear of the announcements of the number of deaths.


Some people start making fun of the disease with whatever they find amusing, while several funny videos were uploaded on YouTube.' It may be likely that since many from the initial stages didn't respect the coronavirus, led to the high rate of infections today.


But the fact is, the coronavirus is real, and before people acknowledge this to protect themselves or strictly observe the rules to prevent the spread of the disease, COVID-19 will not only kill thousands more people but also ruin the economy of many countries beyond remedy.


The coronavirus fashion is a new craze in many countries throughout Asia, Africa, Europe, and America. Some of the mouth masks are used as bikinis, while some females use them as breast protectors. While all these jokes are taking place, the virus, which doesn't discriminate, is on a deadly spree.

A funny mouth mask

A funny mouth mask


Well, probably making these jokes and fashion from the masks are some of the ways to prevent worries or psychological torture from taking over our lives; however, people need to be serious as well because the jokes are misleading people into not adequately protecting themselves.

Saturday, October 17, 2020

Melinda Gates- Behind Every Successful Global Depopulator, There Is A Jezebel

One of the deceptive images that portray  Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation as a redeemer to the third world

One of the deceptive images that portray  Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation as a redeemer to the third world


There is a saying that behind every successful man, there is a woman, if that is true, then the wife of Bill Gates, Melinda, one of the founders of Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has successfully masterminded her husband’s life to become a vaccine fanatic and global depopulator.

 

In the year 2000, Melinda Gates and her husband Bill established a charitable organization to be known as 'Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.' 


Within a period of 20 years, Bill Gates spent over $54 billion dollars on diverse charitable projects, and in the participation in the development of vaccines with the ambition to reduce the world's population.


Bill and Melinda took the fragile health system in Africa as an opportunity to impress the world, including African leaders that they are destined to eradicate many diseases on the continent and improve the health of Africans.


Africa is a developing continent, yet apart from malaria, there weren't any diseases such as HIV-Aids, Ebola, nodding disease, Burkitt's lymphoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, and tuberculosis. All the diseases after malaria were deliberately created and inflicted on the populations of Africa.


Nobody is interested in medical crimes committed in Africa, yet all that they know is Africa is a continent full of diseases. The medical crimes committed by the US government, Belgium, France, Holland, etc,  for decades, have been supported by advanced country leaders.


While in Africa under the pretext of improving the health of Africans, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation uses Africans as pigs in testing new drugs and vaccines manufactured by pharmaceutical companies in the United States of America.


Some of the drugs and vaccines in Africa are heavily contaminated making young women barren or unfruitful. A similar thing happened in Kenya. 


Under the umbrella of the World Health Organization, the corrupt media and the US government have failed to expose Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation's sinister plans in Africa, since the foundation's agenda is to reduce the population.


True and authentic articles revealing the crimes of Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation are quickly declared fake by some European and American media. 


Being the only African writer in Europe exposing Bill Gates, the US and European governments' clandestine crimes in Africa, I have become a target of hate, a victim of information suppression, and false accusation of the media rules violation.


The mainstream media, including BBC and CNN, have failed to expose Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

 

It appeared in the newspapers that the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation announced will spend $50 million to supporting the emergency response to the Ebola outbreak in West Africa, marking the group’s largest donation to a humanitarian effort.


Yet, what the same media told the world that bats are responsible for the spread of Ebola in West Africa, while the Ebola was actually a biological weapon, that first appeared in Congo, 1976 and occurred simultaneously in Marburg and Frankfurt in Germany, and in Belgrade, Serbia, in 1967. 

 

Nobody suspects Bill Gates as one of those culprits attached to the World Health Organization, deliberately, testing and spreading Ebola in the Democratic Republic of Congo, until Dutch scientist, Johan van Dongen, Vladimir Putin, and Kim Jong Un, revealed.


It's clear that advanced countries' leaders have supported the crimes of the US government to their detriment. If they know that in the future, China will retaliate in such a harsh manner with the coronavirus that has killed thousands today, they may have held a closed-door meeting with the US government to warn them.


Today, innocent people have paid and perished for the sins committed by their leaders. Information can be suppressed but that will not stop the coronavirus, above all, the truth will always stare at you. 


Bill and Melinda Gates shouldn't even dream of finding any market in Africa with their contaminated vaccines after being expelled from Asia. If African leaders are corrupt, that doesn't mean that Africans are stupid. They will fight any evil to survive.

Wednesday, October 14, 2020

Does Bill Gates Fear To Have A COVID 19 Test?

Bill Gates needs a coronavirus test like any American

Bill Gates needs a coronavirus test like any American

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I don't like Bill Gates; I need to speak the truth. It's not because I am jealous of his wealth, but the fact that he commits medical crimes in third-world countries, yet the World Health Organization, the US government, and the corrupt media have made him a hero. That is completely deceptive and immoral. I will not accept it. 



Since those who decapitate the heads of people often fear sleeping to avoid suffering the same fate (a Ghanaian proverb), I am very sure that Bill Gates, the vaccine fanatic who wants to vaccinate the entire third world, will definitely fear vaccinating himself or his children.


On the coronavirus, we have read Bill Gates criticizing that the U.S. testing is still truly a sad thing. Also, he said it’s outrageous that Americans still can’t get coronavirus test results in 24 hours, and most of the US tests are complete garbage, etc, but there are no media publications that Gates has had a coronavirus test himself.


Since last year, after the coronavirus ferociously hit the world, the disease has either killed or attacked many people, including celebrities, the rich, the poor, adults, children, and world leaders. The latest is Donald Trump, who tested positive for COVID-19 a couple of days ago.

 

The destructive and violent nature of the coronavirus has forced governments worldwide to test nationals, and the need for key figures to undergo COVID-19 tests, but no one has heard of the request for Bill Gates, the so-called philanthropist and vaccine fanatic, to test for the coronavirus.

 

To be an engineer, scientist, driver, astronaut, doctor, etc, everyone needs to go to school, not just an ordinary school, but a special institution of higher learning before graduation. Yet, Bill Gates is a man who never studied medicine at school in his entire life.

 

Therefore, the question every intelligent person needs to ask is: Why is Bill Gates, someone who never did medicine at school, firmly associated with the World Health Organization? Can one with no medical qualifications be permitted to work at any health institution or with the World Health Organization?

 

In a world, many without vision have respect for rich people and even some worship them, the wealth of Bill Gates and his philanthropic activities continue to fascinate people who never suspect his clandestine medical crimes, under the umbrella of the World Health Organization.

 

We all know that if one has money, he can easily become a president these days or be in any desired position he want, but when it comes to health issues, it is about life and death; therefore, an unqualified person shouldn’t be entertained in any health sector.


So, the whole world wants to know the reason the World Health Organization has Bill Gates under its wings. This makes it clear to everyone that both the World Health Organization and Bill Gates are corrupt and their criminal activities have affected many developed and developing countries today.

 

For decades, the media, the US government, and the World Health Organization have been supporting Bill Gates' medical crimes, simply because the crimes take place in third-world countries, mainly in Asia and Africa, until his careless talks years back placed him as a suspect in the coronavirus epidemic.


Bill Gates, who will be 65 on October 28, must also have a coronavirus test to determine his status. This test is very important for antibodies that the body produces in response to a specific virus, while the test will determine if he is infected or not.


Firstly, a lot of people in his age group have been killed by the virus, and secondly, Bill Gates has been active in talks with health officials, including Dr. Anthony Fauci, since the coronavirus pandemic hit the world.


In case Gates tests positive for COVID-19, he should be the first person to use the vaccines he wants to market in Africa, since at the moment, the competition to make vaccines to subdue this coronavirus crisis is intense, yet no one knows how safe the vaccines are.


After using the vaccine and approved as safe, African leaders will accept it. Until that is made, Bill Gates shouldn't dream of giving any citizens of third-world countries a vaccination.

Sunday, August 23, 2020

The Disappearance Of The Truth In Politics And Medical Science

The world has to pay for the lies and deceptions in the fields of politics and medical science today

The world has to pay for the lies and deceptions in the fields of politics and medical science today


The establishing of peace, security, and the protection of people depend on politics, while medical science which encompasses treatment is very important for health. Unfortunately, both two subjects have deviated from the path of truth to lies and deceptions.


"The truth is not a commodity sold in the shop but only a few people can afford it." In today's world, the truth doesn't matter any longer in anything, including politics, science, and health matters. Simple truth, they say but is the truth really simple?


The Bible says, "From the days of John the Baptist until now, the kingdom of heaven has been subjected to violence, and violent people have been raiding it." The same violent people are fighting against the truth to establish lies and violence in our societies.


Throughout the period of the Old Testament to the New Testament, all the good people, including Jesus Christ, that chose the path of the truth, suffered dearly for it because the truth is like an arrow that pierces through the flesh of evildoers.


The truth burns so hot like acid, so many are afraid of it. The truth doesn't give an award, it will rather make you a public enemy number one. The truth will let you lose all your good friends you thought they love you and the truth may likely push you to commit suicide.


Once the Dutch microsurgeon and former professor at the University of Maastricht, Johan van Dongen, whose books about Aids and Ebola exposed the US government's biological weapons programs, told me that: 


"He and Ab Osterhaus, one of Dutch famous virologists, were very close, yet when he was making comments about his books, he said, "About Aids and Ebola biological weapons, he (Osterhaus) doesn't know what Dongen is talking about."


That is life and that is how your own close friends can stab you at the back if you choose to speak the truth. 


Why this article by the way? This is to inspire everyone who has suffered for speaking the truth to continue to suffer for it instead of giving up because there is always an invincible doom awaiting those that have poisoned this world, leading innocent people to their untimely death.


People are no longer interested in the truth because they don't want to lose their jobs, friends, or become subjects of hate. But what they often forget when the catastrophe strikes both the liars and the truthful people suffer at the same time and very often the liars are those that find it too tough to handle.


Politicians have followed their evil desires and policies to kill innocent people in the United States of America and around the globe, with the coronavirus, yet this is what they don't want to hear. 


Joe Biden claims that the light is stronger than the dark, yet, for decades, he has fought the truth to coverup the US government's Aids and Ebola biological weapon crimes in Africa. Hypocrite!


“For the love of money is the root of all evil: which while some coveted after, they have erred from the faith and pierced themselves through with many sorrows.”

Tuesday, August 11, 2020

Why Clinton, Obama, Bush And Gates Deserve Prison, Not Trump

 

Why Clinton, Obama, Bush And Gates Deserve Prison, Not Trump

Donald Trump hasn't committed any serious crime as the president of the United States of America, more than Obama, Clinton, Bush, and Gates



This morning, I stumbled upon an article captioned ‘Yates spars with GOP at testy hearing,’ in ‘THE HILL,’ an online news media. The article is about investigations into Trump’s relationship with Russia’s interference in the 2016 election.

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Considered as a crime, ‘THE HILL,’ has now created a poll, requesting a response, “Should Donald Trump Be In Prison?"


Donald Trump doesn't deserve to go to prison because he hasn't committed any crime

Donald Trump doesn't deserve to go to prison because he hasn't committed any crime.


Frankly speaking, I wasn’t surprised to read such an article at all because politics in America is not only a dirty game, as people know, but also full of hate, lies, deceptions, and hypocrisy.

 

What is the biggest error or sin that Donald Trump has committed to be going to prison when American leaders such as George Bush, Bill Clinton, and Barack Obama, who committed serious crimes against humanity, are enjoying their freedom with impunity today?


I have said it before, and I don't think this will be the last time. America is a country where citizens care much about political issues and crimes taking place in the country, but not outside of America. 


As an African writer who also cares about political issues and crimes committed by the US presidents in Africa, I will be the first person to bring out the crimes of what each of the people in the above photo did; therefore, the need for them to be in prison is necessary.


I am still in contact with my best friends, the Dutch scientist, Johan van Dongen, despite being sick for a while now, and the German, Dr. Wolff Geisler. To the best of my knowledge, I don't have any documents from them relating to crimes by Donald Trump.


George Bush


But I have documents about Bush, his lies and deception by convincing the world that Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction, which wasn't true. He falsely invaded Iraq with former British Prime Minister Tony Blair to kill the Iraqis, including women and children.


That wasn't the only crime committed by George Bush.  During the first three weeks of the 2003 Iraq conflict, the U.S. military committed egregious war crimes using radioactive weapons. 


The US and British governments used radioactive weapons on the Iraqis leading to deformity of babies in the country

The US and British governments used radioactive weapons on the Iraqis, leading to deformity in babies in the country.


Even though the Pentagon pledged never to use this technology again, the military command went ahead anyway in the 2003 Iraq conflict, deploying missiles loaded with depleted uranium (DU).


Bill Clinton


Africa is a continent that has experienced much political unrest, ethnic violence, and war, as a means of achieving goals, yet only a few are aware that foreign powers or external forces are often behind or instigate political violence in Africa.

 

Hundreds of articles have been written about the Rwanda genocide, but enough information hasn't been provided linking Bill Clinton's administration and Belgium to the genocide. About the latter, I read it in the book called 'The Shadow Of The Sun' by a Polish journalist called Ryszard Kapuscinski.

 

Barack Obama


Barack Obama is an unfortunate president of the United States of America, not because of his color or being a Black man. As the president of America, whether Black or white, he has to follow the American Constitution.


He, therefore, callously triggered the biological weapon of Ebola simultaneously in the West African countries of Liberia, Guinea, and Sierra Leone, and together with the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control, they lied that bats are responsible for the spread of Ebola in Africa.


Meanwhile, the same hemorrhagic fever named Ebola, because it first occurred on the banks of the River Ebola in Congo, in 1976, had also appeared simultaneously in Marburg and Frankfurt in Germany, and in Belgrade, Serbia, in 1967.


Bill Gates

 

Bill Gates, the man I will describe as 'a wolf in sheep's clothing,' has the whole world in his hand and determines who must live and die. With his millions, Gates preys on poor countries in the world, especially in Africa, under the assumption that he is curing diseases on the continent.


What Gates actually does with the World Health Organization is control the population of the world. New contaminated drugs manufactured in the United States of America are not used by Americans. He uses Africans as guinea pigs in experimenting with drugs and vaccines.


Some of these drugs' and vaccines' reactions are fatal because they give birth to new diseases for new vaccines to be manufactured for maximum profits, while some of the vaccines render young women infertile to have children.


Apart from the documents I have about Bill Gates' clandestine crimes in Africa, the leaders of North Korea and Russia, Kim Jong Un and Vladimir Putin, also accused Bill Gates of testing and spreading Ebola in Africa.


Conclusion


Unless you are a heartless man, someone without conscience and integrity, you can admit that Trump deserves to go to prison after reading this article. 


Verily verily, I say unto Americans, Democrats, and Republicans that without putting an end to your lies, crimes, biological weapons, deceptions, and the hypocrisy in politics, there will be no room for the coronavirus to subside in the United States of America.